Saints & Sinners is an extension of my Advanced US History class. This blog is a place for civil discourse, critical thinking and new ideas. The goal of these entries is to challenge your current viewpoint and encourage the development of logical arguments.
Tuesday, April 3, 2018
1960s: Politics & Culture
It is time for another "decades" blog.
Just like you did for the 1950s, research ONE political event and ONE cultural event (movies, sports, music, celebrities, tv, radio etc.) from the 1960s. Write a 100 word summary for each event.
The political event was The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 was a direct and dangerous fued between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War and was the moment when the two superpowers came closest to nuclear conflict. The crisis was unique in a number of ways, including calculations and miscalculations as well as direct and secret communications and miscommunications between the two sides. The dramatic crisis was also characterized by the fact that it was primarily played out at the White House and the Kremlin level with relatively little input from the respective typically involved in the foreign policy process. (105)
The cultural event was In a nationally televised address on June 6, 1963, President John F. Kennedy urged the nation to take action toward guaranteeing equal treatment of every American regardless of race. Soon after, Kennedy proposed that Congress consider civil rights legislation that would address voting rights, public accommodations, school desegregation, nondiscrimination in federally assisted programs, and more. Despite Kennedy’s assassination in November of 1963, his proposal culminated in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson just a few hours after House approval on July 2, 1964. The act outlawed segregation in businesses such as theaters, restaurants, and hotels. It banned discriminatory practices in employment and ended segregation in public places such as swimming pools, libraries, and public schools. (123)
One major political event in the 1960s was the Bay of Pigs Invasion. The CIA was authorized to secretly train a group of 1,400 Cuban exiles to invade the island. The plan was to overthrow Fidel Castro. Their plan failed miserably. They landed at the beaches along the Bay of Pigs on April 17, 1961 and immediately came under heavy fire. The bombers also missed many of their targets. Castro sent about 20,000 troops to advance toward the beach and their Air Force controlled the skies. Some of the exiles escaped to the sea while the rest were killed or imprisoned. President Kennedy cancelled a second air strike. This event made everyone question Kennedy and his administration. (117)
One cultural event was on September 26, 1960 when the first televised presidential debate was aired. The debate was between John F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon. It was broadcasted nationally on all 3 TV networks and also on the radio. There were 70 million viewers that watched it. Those that watched the debate on television thought that Kennedy won the debate, but those who heard it on the radio thought that Nixon had won it. This is because Nixon looked pale and unhealthy compared to Kennedy. After the first televised presidential debate, appearances and preparation were never ignored again. (100)
In the 1960’s, many new technologies were invented. Of of them was birth control. This was invented before but strictly for married women. But during this time it was released to whoever wanted it. Smoking was also found to be unhealthy for you during this time. They realized the dangers of smoking and what it can result as. Hippies also became a big thing during this time. This was a ground of counterculture people who wanted to create a land of utopia. They didn’t want to be part of the mainstream of society. They wanted to live In peace and harmony. (102)
Politically in the 1960’s many events occurred. The U2 plane was shot down. The first televised presidential debate also occurred during this time. This was a big deal in America because this was something new and important. The Cuban missile crisis was also a major event during this time. Kennedy became president. He was also assassinated 8 years later which was a major unexpected event. No one saw it coming and it was as surprise attack. A short while later Lyndon Johnson took his place as president, he was Kennedy’s former Vice President. He immediately took his place with no hesitation. (102)
A major political event that happened in the 1960s was the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Cuban Missile Crisis was when the USSR planned to deploy missiles in Cuba and the world was brought to the brink of world war. The US blockaded Cuba and the USSR decided to dismantle soviet silos. President Kennedy addressed on tv to notify Americans about the presence of missiles and to explain his plan to enact the Naval blockade around Cuba. This brought fear among Americans, but the disaster was avoided when the US agreed to the soviet leader’s offer to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange for the US promising not to invade Cuba. Kennedy also agreed to remove US missiles from Turkey in secret.(121)
The music scene was dominated by a group from Liverpool, England, the Beatles.They were by far the most influential band during this time period.Their sound was mainly Rock’n’Roll, but they experimented with several other sounds throughout the band’s history. The band sold millions of records and had a successful movie that made over $5.5 billion in under two months. They began playing in Liverpool clubs such as the Quarrymen Skiffle group and the Moondogs. They released their first single in 1963, which was called “I Want to Hold your Hand”. From here on their fame was increased greatly. (102)
My cultural event of 1960s is the book call, “The other America,” was published on 1962 and was written by Michael Harrington and it was about poverty side in the wealthiest nation. This book influence many people including president JFK and his successor Lyndon Johnson which started a war on the poverty and lunch a decade-long political mission aimed at reducing unemployment, increasing federal support for schools and adult education, and expanding the network of government programs assisting the poor and elderly. This book was most influencing book there is. Harrington was an American democratic socialist, writer, and political activist.
My political event of the 1960s is LBJ declares war poverty, after the assassination of JFK and Lyndon Johnson’s inaugural address. LBJ declares war on poverty in 1964 and outlines an ambitious domestic agenda aimed at reducing unemployment, increasing support for education and job training, and expanding public services for the poor. Yes is connected to the book called, “The other America,” which was a major influence on LBJ. Lyndon Baines Johnson added four more pieces of legislation including Social Security act, Food Stamp act, Economic Opportunity act, Elementary and Secondary Education act, and the No Child Left Behind act.100
The My Lai Massacre was one of the most brutal and horrific events of the Vietnam War. When the United States Charlie Company infantry were sent on a search and destroy mission, they came across a village mostly consisting of women, children, and old men. At this point in the war, many soldiers were not themselves. Nearly one third of all soldiers were addicted to drugs, and morale was extremely low. Lietenant William Calley of the Charlie Company ordered his soldiers to fire on the innocent villagers. The United States men raped and killed women, burned huts, and brutally killed children. The United States homeland was disgusted by the events. 110 words Marion Robert Morris, or more famously known as John Wayne, was one of the worlds’ most popular celebrities in the 1960’s. He was also famously known by the nickname “Duke”. John Wayne was born in Iowa in 1907, and soon moved to California. He played college football for the University of Southern California. For a long period early in his career he worked as a prop and an extra in movies. Around 1940 he began performing in his first popular lead role films called Stagecoach and The Long Voyage Home. He also worked as a producer during the 40’s. Wayne was a well-known conservative and anti-communist, and was in the same conservative organization as Ronald Reagan. His most notable 60’s films were The Alamo and The Longest Day. John Wayne died of cancer in 1979, ironically, after playing a character who was dying of cancer three years before. 148 words
In 1965 Charlie Brown Christmas aired on CBS. This just three years after ABC introduced color telecasting for three and a half hours a week. For CBS to come out with Charlie Brown Christmas was a major step in their success as a network. Before this, ABC was the dominate network, but now CBS is catching up. 53 years later in 2018, Charlie Brown Christmas is still something I enjoy watching with my family, and I know that many families across America still enjoy it today as well. And I am sure that Charlie Brown’s Christmas will continue to be a huge hit in years to come for CBS. (107)
John F Kennedy was our 35th president. Kennedy was shot and killed in Dallas, Texas. Kennedy’s wife, Jacqueline Kennedy, usually did not go with her husband on political outings, but she was right by his side that day. Lee Harvey Oswald fired three shots from the sixth floor of the library the president passed on November 22, 1963. Kennedy was pronounced dead 30 minutes later. Lyndon B Johnson, Vice President of the time was sworn into office just a few hours after the assassination of Kennedy. When Johnson was sworn in Mrs. Kennedy was there, wearing the same blood stained clothes of her husband’s death. Later that day Oswald was arrested for killing Kennedy. The next day, November 23, Oswald was being taken to the jail, and Jack Ruby shot and killed Oswald. Ruby was arrested and later died from lung cancer. (137)
There were many interesting polictical events that happened in the 60s, but the most impactful one was the Vietnam War. This War was the longest in U.S. history until the Afghanistan War. The war was extreany hard on bothe sides, because of the extream conditions. It also doesn’t help that the US was trying to gain control of Vietnam and they failed to gain the control. And when they failed to gain the control they had no other options. We basically had to go from the attacker to the defender, we had to defend for many months before was had the right time to counter attack. This topic is still a very soft subject to talk about to many war vets.(121)
Many family in the 60s didn’t want there children listing to the new age of music because they believed that it was curupting there minds. And all the kids were gonna start rebelling and doing drugs and drinking alcohol. But all the kids wanted to do was disobey there parents, so that’s why the music became so popular. The parents didn’t want them to listen to it so they would go to there rooms at night and hide and listen to it because they got a “rush” from it.(100)
The first event I researched was the assassination of John F. kennedy. Kennedy became president at the beginning of the 1960’s. He brought hope to a lot of Americans lives. Kennedy believe the government was the best way to help American citizens at the time. However, that hope died when Kennedy was shot and killed on November 22, 1963. Kennedy, his wife, Texas governor, John Connally, and his wife were all riding together in an open roofed vehicle on a 10 mile motorcade while people gathered all along the streets to see them. As they passed the Texas School Book Depository building 3 shots were fired at them. One bullet his John Connally, and the other two hit the president. Kennedy was declared dead 30 minutes later at a nearby hospital and vice president, Lyndon Johnson, was sworn in aboard Air Force One. Kennedy was buried on November 25 and an eternal flame was lit above his grave. Many Americans believe JFK would bring great change and they were hopeful about his presidency but it ended before he could complete his first term. 183
Another influential even that took place in the 1960s was the publishing of “The Feminine Mystique”. This book sparked the women’s rights movement. Many women across america read this book that encouraged them to pursue a professional life outside of the home. Betty Friedan, just like many other women, was tired of the unequal rights and treatment of women. Women were expected to stay at home, cook, and take care of children. Women were less likely to be hired then men were, and women got paid less than men. Some of these things are still happening today, but “The Feminine Mystique” caused many women to rise up and fight for their rights. Soon after Friedan’s book, the National Organization for Women was created, and the 1964 civil rights act was passed stating that women were equal to men. 138
The Cuban Missile Crisis happened on October 22, 1962. The US and the Soviet Union has a political and military standoff for 13 days. It was over the installation of Soviet Union nuclear missiles in Cuba. Cuba is just 90 miles from the shore of the US. President John F. Kennedy announced to the Americans that there were missiles in Cuba, and that the US would have a naval blockade until they disarmed the missiles. He made it clear that he would use lethal force if necessary. Disaster was avoided when the Soviet Union leader Nikita Khrushchev offered to remove he missiles from Cuba in exchange for America not invading Cuba. (117) On September 26, 1960, the presidential debate happened. It was between the democratic senator John F. Kennedy and Republican Vice President Richard Nixon. This was the first nationally televised debate in US history. This ushered in a new era in which presidential debates would be broadcasted on TV. It worked well for candidates who could think on their feet, or come up with stuff on the fly. Kennedy show up to the debate looking well groomed, and Nixon showed up looking haggard. Kennedy clearly won the election because he was more comfortable, and was more photogenic. The cameras loves him and his youthful appearance. (104)
One big political event that happened during the 1960s was the Civil Rights Movement. The African American people had been pushing very hard to gain equality for several years, and after a few African American students integrated schools new Civil Rights law were made. Even though these law certainly benefited the African American people, they did not end the issue. One of the leaders of the Civil Rights Movement in the 60’s was Martin Luther King. he spoke at the March on Washington, and has a few very well known speeches. He was in Memphis trying to help some workers and was shot in 1968. This sparked an even bigger push from the Civil Rights Movement. This movement made it illegal for people to recial, as well as sexual, discriminate against someone.
(Word Count: 132)
One big cultural event that changed during the 1960s was the types of tv shows that children viewed. Before the 60s children would just watch the news, sports, or whatever tv shows that their parents would watch because there was a limited amount of channels that were on tvs back then. Also, there were no tv shows or tv channels that were directed directly towards younger children. When Sesame Street first aired in 1969, the demand for children’s television started to increase rapidly. This show in particular was very beneficial for children to watch because it would teach younger children certain principles like numbers and colors, which I am sure that their parents appreciated.
Before the Voting Rights Act Of 1965 African Americans were allowed to vote to but it was very difficult and often times dangerous for a black person to go vote. A lot of times a black citizen would have to pass a literacy test before the individual was given the rights to vote. This was a very flawed system because the test was chosen by the white person behind the counter of what the test consisted of and also the person behind the counter chose who took the test. The Voting Rights Act Of 1965 did away with that crooked system by saying that everyone can vote and that the voter was not required to take a test in order to be given their rights. (125)
When national television became a regular thing it was just the news channels and maybe a movie that would come on the major networks every now and then. Television was strictly for information and occasionally comedy with sit coms becoming of age. Creators decided that they wanted a show just for kids so they gave the people Sesame Street on November 10, 1969. In the beginning stages it was widely discredited and was predicted to last for a couple of episodes and go off of air and out of minds forever. Sesame Street was the pioneering cartoon that foreshadowed into what we have today with entire channels dedicated to cartoons. (110)
culturally: The very first issue of "Rolling stone" came out in 1967. It was a sort of magazine and sort of a newspaper. The magazine got its name from an old saying: "A Rolling Stone gathers no moss." Muddy Waters used the name for a song he wrote also. The Rolling Stones took their name from Muddy's song. and "Like A Rolling Stone," was the title of Bob Dylan's first rock and roll record. the creators stated, "We have begun a new publication reflecting what we see are the changes in rock and roll and the changes related to rock and roll. Because the trade papers have become so inaccurate and irrelevant, and because the fan magazine are an anachronism, fashioned in the mold of myth and nonsense, we hope that we have something here for the artists and the industry, and every person who believes in the magic that can set you free."(125) Politically: The Free Speech Movement was a college campus phenomenon inspired by the struggle for civil rights and later fueled by opposition to the Vietnam War. This Movement began in 1964, when students at the University of California, Berkeley protested a ban on on-campus political activities, like setting up stands in the courtyard. The protest was led by several students, who also demanded their right to free speech and academic freedom.The Free Speech Movement sparked a wave of student activism and involvement. Many students were very defiant, just like graduate student Jack Weinberg who set up a table with political information and was arrested. But a group of 3,000 students surrounded the police car in which he was held, keeping it from moving for 36 hours.(144)
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was a huge step towards desegregation. While at that point they technically had the right to vote it was very hard for them to vote because of things such as literacy tests that were very unfair, also they were likely to gain attention of groups such as the KKK. This Act made it to where everyone who was eligible to vote had equal access and people couldn't be denied their right to vote because of unfair tests. This is one of the most important political events during the 1960’s because it was a major step towards true equality for African Americans. Words 107
Another important event was America sending the first man on the moon. Neil Armstrong was the first man to step foot on the moon and is known for his quote “ that's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind”.This was a good way to wrap up the 1960’s for America as we had been through a number of hardships and rough patches. This was a proud moment for America as we had won the global contest to get the first man on the moon. We had made great strides technology in such a short time. This was also important because it showed the soviets that we were just as capable as they were. Words 116
In 1968 Martin Luther King Jr. Was shot in Memphis. This caused a big uproar for the civil rights movement. This political event was one of the most important events in history besides his speech. Martin Luther King Jr. Was a great leader and great speaker it is sad that someone so great died from someone’s hand not by natural causes. It is because of him that we have a better world today. And we should remember him for that reason. His story is one of my favorites because he helped many people to have courage. This is why I chose this event.(103) In 1969 Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin land on the moon. Marking a change in history where eventually we would be able to send more than to people to the moon. Which will change the culture by encouraging people that anything is possible. Which can make the world a better place. So that’s why I chose this even tho it sounds political it also effects the culture. Which makes it very interesting. They help us to make us feel greater about ourselves. Which can help us make great decisions in life and through out history. I am glad to have written this.(102)
In the year of 1964 Bob Dylan put out a song called "Times they are a changing." This song embodied the decade as a whole as there was a vast amount of movements. Such as the civil rights movement, women's movement for equality in the home and work place, and the counter cultural movement. The civil right movement focused on equality for African Americans. The women's movement was an effort for equality for women socially and economically. And he counter cultural movement based their protest around the protest of the Vietnam war by burning draft cards and other rebellious activities.(100)
Cassius Clay (later known as Muhammad Ali) started amateur boxing at the age of 12 in his home town of Louisville Kentucky. In the year 1960 he went to Rome to compete in the heavy weight category In the summer Olympics for the United States of America. In these Olympics he won gold. About a year later he made the decision to turn pro. In the year 1964 he won the WBA, WBC, and the Lineal Heavy Weight titles by defeating Sonny Liston. After this he converted to Islam changing his name to Muhammad Ali. So when he was draft he refused to serve saying it was against his religious beliefs. They stripped him of his titles and found him guilty. And he was forced to appeal in till he was found not guilty. This forced him to become a huge figure in civil rights movement and the counter cultural movement.(151)
During this decade, one of the longest war this country has ever seen started and that was the Vietnam War. While this war was one of the longest wars, it isn't the longest in our history. As of today, the longest lasting war is the Afghanistan War. During this war, conditions are described as very extreme which made it even more dreadful to fight. We were trying to take over Vietnam, but failed many times. By the end of the war, the roles switched from us attacking to us defending. Vietnam came back strong after our invasion attempts, but luckily at the right time we came back with a counter attack. (112) At the tail end of this decade, the first episode of "Sesame Street" aired. Television was very popular in the decade thus far, so producers sparked the idea to have a show specifically for kids that was educational and entertaining at the same time. Many parents and reviewers didn't like the idea at first and often said that the show wouldn't last for long, but we all know now that they were wrong. We know this because the show still plays on television today and now we even have whole channels that solely play cartoons because of the popular demand there was after the show aired. (116)
Political- John F Kennedy was elected into off in 1960 and lasted up to November 22 1963. On that day in Dallas Texas John F Kennedy was giving a speech as the NASA space station about all the great work they were doing and to keep it up and on his way to the airport he passed through the town of Dealey Plaza. JFK was in his car no roof waving to the crowds around him and suddenly a man by the name of Harvey Oswald shot his shot from a sniper rifle and hit JFK in the head at 12:15 PM. Oswald was later captured and when he was being taken to court a man came out of the crowd and shot Oswald in the heart and killed him immediately (131)
In January 19,1967 the first super bowl was played in memorial coliseum in los Angles California.the two teams who played in this great game was the Green Bay Packers be the Kansas City Chiefs the Packers defeated the the Chiefs the score was 35-10 this game will love on forever in the NFL for super bowl 1 had many great stars in it. And the super bowl is still played today. And the ring that the Green Bay packers received had only 1 small domino in the middle and a football surrounding it. And on the top of the ring it says world champions (105)
One of the major political events that happened in the 1960s would be the Bay of Pigs invasion. On April 17, 1961, 1400 Cuban exiles launched an invasion known as the bay of pigs on the South Coast of Cuba. The CIA set up training camps in Guatemala, and by November the operation had trained a small army for an assault landing and Guerrilla warfare. The original invasion plan called for two air strikes against Cuban air bases. A 1,400-man invasion force would disembark under cover of darkness and launch a surprise attack. Paratroopers dropped in advance of the invasion would disrupt transportation and repel Cuban forces. (108)
One major cultural event would be the very first Beatles release, “I Want to Hold Your hand, I Saw Her Standing There, and Meet The Beatles.” Beatlemania took hold in the United States after The Beatles performed live on The Ed Sullivan Show on Sunday, February 9th, 16th, and 23rd in 1964. The iconic rock band the Beatles recorded their very first full-length album during February and early the entire album was recorded in one day. The album was titled Please Please Me after their single and featured a mix of original songs by Paul McCartney and John Lennon, as well as popular covers. Some of the most popular tracks from the album. (114)
The cultural event that I chose is the music festival that we know as Woodstock. Woodstock took place in upstate New York. The music festival took place on a dairy farm. The makers of the festival told authorities that they only expected a turnout of 50,000 people but they were very wrong about that. There were upwards of 400,000 people that showed up. They made admission free and had a lot of big names in the festival. Some of the performers were Jimmy Hendrix, The Who, Carlos Santana, and credence Clearwater revival. People bathed in rivers and worked together to have a good time at Woodstock. The festival was associated with hippies. People at the festival took part in recreational drugs. They took drugs like weed and heroin. 128
The Cuban middle crisis took place in October of 1962. After the failed bay of pigs invasion in 1961, Russia sent offensive nuclear weapons to Cuba. This was the closest to world war the United States had ever been. We went into defcon 3. Some ships sailed to Cuba and we thought that those ships contained nuclear bombs. We also had a U2 recon plane shot down over Cuba and we thought that we were going to have to fight Russia and Cuba. The United States was ready to go to war with Russia and then we came to an agreement at the last minute. We withdrew our missies from turkey and Russia withdrew theirs from Cuba. 108
A big political even that happened during the 1960s was the Cuban Missile Crisis. In 1962 there was a large and fretful military standoff that was about the nuclear weapons being armed in Cuba. This was probably the closest we have been to a nuclear holocaust in history. Also, this was even closer due to Cuba being only 90 miles off the coast of the United States. President Kennedy had to explain the whole situation on TV, and also stated we would use Military force if necessary. Fortunately they eventually reached an agreement where the Soviets took their nuclear arsenal off Cuba. (102)
Before the 1960s TV was available, but it was not widely used by everyone like it is now. Television blew up in popularity in the 60s due to the new stream of actors and actresses in that era. Before the 60s there were not many channels broadcasted. The main channels were the news and possibly a sports broadcast here and there. Many new shows came out during and after the 60s including, The Brady Bunch, Doctor Who, and Gunsmoke. Many more were active but these were just some of the more popular ones. This was definitely and era of entertainment and productivity. (103)
John F Kennedy was murdered on november 22, 1963. this shook america and scared them as their newly inaugerated president was just shot 3 times while his wife held him in her arms. he was murdered by Lee harvey oswold, a man who was crazy and found the next day by police and arrested, but on his way to jail was shot and killed by Jack Ruby. JFK was in Dallas texas when he died, and was replaced by Lyndon B Johnson within hours as he was pronounced dead within 30min of being shot at the scene. JFK's wife was present for the inauguration as she stood in blood soaked clothes. 111 words the Popularity of a television was a ammenity of only the richest of rich, until the 1960's when it was made popular and cheaper due to the new burst of companies who had main stream actors and actresses who were extremely popular. there were only a few shows and channels broadcasted on TV as they only could have so many shows on at once. shows like Doctor Who and The Brady Bunch and others blew up in views and consistantcy of views as TVs were a regular household item now. The US was changing a ton during this technological advancement. 100 words
In the 1960 many things happen some of them were Kennedy was assassinated and The Vietnam war. The most important one was that of the civil rights protests. They had them going on all over the country. These were very violent and many were hurt while marching. The one that got the most news was the one were they marched on Washington. This one had Martin Luther King Junior spoke at the Lincoln Memorial. There was just not African Americans but also whites do you support. This March was just not foe civil rights but equal pay and jobs for everyone. The high light of this march was the Martin Luther King Junior speech “I have a dream.”(118)
The Beatles was formed in the 1960s in Liverpool,England. Even if the Beatles was a British band they influence Americans teens in a huge way. In the 1960 half of the population was under the age of 18. They were on every radio in the nation. They only popular in England at first then it changed when they went on a popular talk show show. All the girls went crazy for them. They were as popular as Elvis Presley. The thing that made them better was that of there amazing accent. The Beatles made the United states more involved in the World culture, not just the political side of the world.(111)
My political Event that I picked was the assassination of MLK Jr. MLK Jr. was a famous civil rights leader who wanted racial equality. In his famous "I Have A Dream" speech he talked about how he wishes and hopes that one day kids and people in general will be completely and fairly equal and that they won't be against one another. He also wished and hoped for peace between the races in the United States and all over the world. MLK wanted people to know that he is desperate for equality. When MLK Jr. was assassinated, it sparked a big fire in the civil rights movement. People began to rise up and take charge and finish what MLK had started. Also, some people thought that the assassination of MLK had been done to end the civil rights movement for good which it didn't. (151 words) The cultural event that I picked from the 1960s was when Spider-Man made its first original debut in the Amazing Fantasy 15 in August of 1962. Spider-Man made its appearance into the marvel comics and the marvel world of heroes in general. Of course there would be more marvel characters made throughout the years which would help marvel grow in the future. Spider-Man was the story of a kid who had gotten Spider powers from a spider bite. There has been some twists in the comics and the movies that are made of Spider-Man and how he came to be after losing his parents and his Uncle Ben and having to take care of his Aunt May and then eventually fall in love with a woman named Mary Jane. (138 words)
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteThe political event was The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 was a direct and dangerous fued between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War and was the moment when the two superpowers came closest to nuclear conflict. The crisis was unique in a number of ways, including calculations and miscalculations as well as direct and secret communications and miscommunications between the two sides. The dramatic crisis was also characterized by the fact that it was primarily played out at the White House and the Kremlin level with relatively little input from the respective typically involved in the foreign policy process. (105)
ReplyDeleteThe cultural event was In a nationally televised address on June 6, 1963, President John F. Kennedy urged the nation to take action toward guaranteeing equal treatment of every American regardless of race. Soon after, Kennedy proposed that Congress consider civil rights legislation that would address voting rights, public accommodations, school desegregation, nondiscrimination in federally assisted programs, and more. Despite Kennedy’s assassination in November of 1963, his proposal culminated in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson just a few hours after House approval on July 2, 1964. The act outlawed segregation in businesses such as theaters, restaurants, and hotels. It banned discriminatory practices in employment and ended segregation in public places such as swimming pools, libraries, and public schools. (123)
One major political event in the 1960s was the Bay of Pigs Invasion. The CIA was authorized to secretly train a group of 1,400 Cuban exiles to invade the island. The plan was to overthrow Fidel Castro. Their plan failed miserably. They landed at the beaches along the Bay of Pigs on April 17, 1961 and immediately came under heavy fire. The bombers also missed many of their targets. Castro sent about 20,000 troops to advance toward the beach and their Air Force controlled the skies. Some of the exiles escaped to the sea while the rest were killed or imprisoned. President Kennedy cancelled a second air strike. This event made everyone question Kennedy and his administration. (117)
ReplyDeleteOne cultural event was on September 26, 1960 when the first televised presidential debate was aired. The debate was between John F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon. It was broadcasted nationally on all 3 TV networks and also on the radio. There were 70 million viewers that watched it. Those that watched the debate on television thought that Kennedy won the debate, but those who heard it on the radio thought that Nixon had won it. This is because Nixon looked pale and unhealthy compared to Kennedy. After the first televised presidential debate, appearances and preparation were never ignored again. (100)
In the 1960’s, many new technologies were invented. Of of them was birth control. This was invented before but strictly for married women. But during this time it was released to whoever wanted it. Smoking was also found to be unhealthy for you during this time. They realized the dangers of smoking and what it can result as. Hippies also became a big thing during this time. This was a ground of counterculture people who wanted to create a land of utopia. They didn’t want to be part of the mainstream of society. They wanted to live In peace and harmony. (102)
ReplyDeletePolitically in the 1960’s many events occurred. The U2 plane was shot down. The first televised presidential debate also occurred during this time. This was a big deal in America because this was something new and important. The Cuban missile crisis was also a major event during this time. Kennedy became president. He was also assassinated 8 years later which was a major unexpected event. No one saw it coming and it was as surprise attack. A short while later Lyndon Johnson took his place as president, he was Kennedy’s former Vice President. He immediately took his place with no hesitation. (102)
A major political event that happened in the 1960s was the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Cuban Missile Crisis was when the USSR planned to deploy missiles in Cuba and the world was brought to the brink of world war. The US blockaded Cuba and the USSR decided to dismantle soviet silos. President Kennedy addressed on tv to notify Americans about the presence of missiles and to explain his plan to enact the Naval blockade around Cuba. This brought fear among Americans, but the disaster was avoided when the US agreed to the soviet leader’s offer to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange for the US promising not to invade Cuba. Kennedy also agreed to remove US missiles from Turkey in secret.(121)
ReplyDeleteThe music scene was dominated by a group from Liverpool, England, the Beatles.They were by far the most influential band during this time period.Their sound was mainly Rock’n’Roll, but they experimented with several other sounds throughout the band’s history. The band sold millions of records and had a successful movie that made over $5.5 billion in under two months. They began playing in Liverpool clubs such as the Quarrymen Skiffle group and the Moondogs. They released their first single in 1963, which was called “I Want to Hold your Hand”. From here on their fame was increased greatly. (102)
My cultural event of 1960s is the book call, “The other America,” was published on 1962 and was written by Michael Harrington and it was about poverty side in the wealthiest nation. This book influence many people including president JFK and his successor Lyndon Johnson which started a war on the poverty and lunch a decade-long political mission aimed at reducing unemployment, increasing federal support for schools and adult education, and expanding the network of government programs assisting the poor and elderly. This book was most influencing book there is. Harrington was an American democratic socialist, writer, and political activist.
ReplyDelete100
ReplyDeleteMy political event of the 1960s is LBJ declares war poverty, after the assassination of JFK and Lyndon Johnson’s inaugural address. LBJ declares war on poverty in 1964 and outlines an ambitious domestic agenda aimed at reducing unemployment, increasing support for education and job training, and expanding public services for the poor. Yes is connected to the book called, “The other America,” which was a major influence on LBJ. Lyndon Baines Johnson added four more pieces of legislation including Social Security act, Food Stamp act, Economic Opportunity act, Elementary and Secondary Education act, and the No Child Left Behind act.100
ReplyDeleteThe My Lai Massacre was one of the most brutal and horrific events of the Vietnam War. When the United States Charlie Company infantry were sent on a search and destroy mission, they came across a village mostly consisting of women, children, and old men. At this point in the war, many soldiers were not themselves. Nearly one third of all soldiers were addicted to drugs, and morale was extremely low. Lietenant William Calley of the Charlie Company ordered his soldiers to fire on the innocent villagers. The United States men raped and killed women, burned huts, and brutally killed children. The United States homeland was disgusted by the events.
ReplyDelete110 words
Marion Robert Morris, or more famously known as John Wayne, was one of the worlds’ most popular celebrities in the 1960’s. He was also famously known by the nickname “Duke”. John Wayne was born in Iowa in 1907, and soon moved to California. He played college football for the University of Southern California. For a long period early in his career he worked as a prop and an extra in movies. Around 1940 he began performing in his first popular lead role films called Stagecoach and The Long Voyage Home. He also worked as a producer during the 40’s. Wayne was a well-known conservative and anti-communist, and was in the same conservative organization as Ronald Reagan. His most notable 60’s films were The Alamo and The Longest Day. John Wayne died of cancer in 1979, ironically, after playing a character who was dying of cancer three years before.
148 words
In 1965 Charlie Brown Christmas aired on CBS. This just three years after ABC introduced color telecasting for three and a half hours a week. For CBS to come out with Charlie Brown Christmas was a major step in their success as a network. Before this, ABC was the dominate network, but now CBS is catching up. 53 years later in 2018, Charlie Brown Christmas is still something I enjoy watching with my family, and I know that many families across America still enjoy it today as well. And I am sure that Charlie Brown’s Christmas will continue to be a huge hit in years to come for CBS. (107)
ReplyDeleteJohn F Kennedy was our 35th president. Kennedy was shot and killed in Dallas, Texas. Kennedy’s wife, Jacqueline Kennedy, usually did not go with her husband on political outings, but she was right by his side that day. Lee Harvey Oswald fired three shots from the sixth floor of the library the president passed on November 22, 1963. Kennedy was pronounced dead 30 minutes later. Lyndon B Johnson, Vice President of the time was sworn into office just a few hours after the assassination of Kennedy. When Johnson was sworn in Mrs. Kennedy was there, wearing the same blood stained clothes of her husband’s death. Later that day Oswald was arrested for killing Kennedy. The next day, November 23, Oswald was being taken to the jail, and Jack Ruby shot and killed Oswald. Ruby was arrested and later died from lung cancer. (137)
There were many interesting polictical events that happened in the 60s, but the most impactful one was the Vietnam War. This War was the longest in U.S. history until the Afghanistan War. The war was extreany hard on bothe sides, because of the extream conditions. It also doesn’t help that the US was trying to gain control of Vietnam and they failed to gain the control. And when they failed to gain the control they had no other options. We basically had to go from the attacker to the defender, we had to defend for many months before was had the right time to counter attack. This topic is still a very soft subject to talk about to many war vets.(121)
ReplyDeleteMany family in the 60s didn’t want there children listing to the new age of music because they believed that it was curupting there minds. And all the kids were gonna start rebelling and doing drugs and drinking alcohol. But all the kids wanted to do was disobey there parents, so that’s why the music became so popular. The parents didn’t want them to listen to it so they would go to there rooms at night and hide and listen to it because they got a “rush” from it.(100)
The first event I researched was the assassination of John F. kennedy. Kennedy became president at the beginning of the 1960’s. He brought hope to a lot of Americans lives. Kennedy believe the government was the best way to help American citizens at the time. However, that hope died when Kennedy was shot and killed on November 22, 1963. Kennedy, his wife, Texas governor, John Connally, and his wife were all riding together in an open roofed vehicle on a 10 mile motorcade while people gathered all along the streets to see them. As they passed the Texas School Book Depository building 3 shots were fired at them. One bullet his John Connally, and the other two hit the president. Kennedy was declared dead 30 minutes later at a nearby hospital and vice president, Lyndon Johnson, was sworn in aboard Air Force One. Kennedy was buried on November 25 and an eternal flame was lit above his grave. Many Americans believe JFK would bring great change and they were hopeful about his presidency but it ended before he could complete his first term. 183
ReplyDeleteAnother influential even that took place in the 1960s was the publishing of “The Feminine Mystique”. This book sparked the women’s rights movement. Many women across america read this book that encouraged them to pursue a professional life outside of the home. Betty Friedan, just like many other women, was tired of the unequal rights and treatment of women. Women were expected to stay at home, cook, and take care of children. Women were less likely to be hired then men were, and women got paid less than men. Some of these things are still happening today, but “The Feminine Mystique” caused many women to rise up and fight for their rights. Soon after Friedan’s book, the National Organization for Women was created, and the 1964 civil rights act was passed stating that women were equal to men. 138
The Cuban Missile Crisis happened on October 22, 1962. The US and the Soviet Union has a political and military standoff for 13 days. It was over the installation of Soviet Union nuclear missiles in Cuba. Cuba is just 90 miles from the shore of the US. President John F. Kennedy announced to the Americans that there were missiles in Cuba, and that the US would have a naval blockade until they disarmed the missiles. He made it clear that he would use lethal force if necessary. Disaster was avoided when the Soviet Union leader Nikita Khrushchev offered to remove he missiles from Cuba in exchange for America not invading Cuba. (117)
ReplyDeleteOn September 26, 1960, the presidential debate happened. It was between the democratic senator John F. Kennedy and Republican Vice President Richard Nixon. This was the first nationally televised debate in US history. This ushered in a new era in which presidential debates would be broadcasted on TV. It worked well for candidates who could think on their feet, or come up with stuff on the fly. Kennedy show up to the debate looking well groomed, and Nixon showed up looking haggard. Kennedy clearly won the election because he was more comfortable, and was more photogenic. The cameras loves him and his youthful appearance. (104)
One big political event that happened during the 1960s was the Civil Rights Movement. The African American people had been pushing very hard to gain equality for several years, and after a few African American students integrated schools new Civil Rights law were made. Even though these law certainly benefited the African American people, they did not end the issue. One of the leaders of the Civil Rights Movement in the 60’s was Martin Luther King. he spoke at the March on Washington, and has a few very well known speeches. He was in Memphis trying to help some workers and was shot in 1968. This sparked an even bigger push from the Civil Rights Movement. This movement made it illegal for people to recial, as well as sexual, discriminate against someone.
ReplyDelete(Word Count: 132)
One big cultural event that changed during the 1960s was the types of tv shows that children viewed. Before the 60s children would just watch the news, sports, or whatever tv shows that their parents would watch because there was a limited amount of channels that were on tvs back then. Also, there were no tv shows or tv channels that were directed directly towards younger children. When Sesame Street first aired in 1969, the demand for children’s television started to increase rapidly. This show in particular was very beneficial for children to watch because it would teach younger children certain principles like numbers and colors, which I am sure that their parents appreciated.
(Word Count: 114)
Before the Voting Rights Act Of 1965 African Americans were allowed to vote to but it was very difficult and often times dangerous for a black person to go vote. A lot of times a black citizen would have to pass a literacy test before the individual was given the rights to vote. This was a very flawed system because the test was chosen by the white person behind the counter of what the test consisted of and also the person behind the counter chose who took the test. The Voting Rights Act Of 1965 did away with that crooked system by saying that everyone can vote and that the voter was not required to take a test in order to be given their rights. (125)
ReplyDeleteWhen national television became a regular thing it was just the news channels and maybe a movie that would come on the major networks every now and then. Television was strictly for information and occasionally comedy with sit coms becoming of age. Creators decided that they wanted a show just for kids so they gave the people Sesame Street on November 10, 1969. In the beginning stages it was widely discredited and was predicted to last for a couple of episodes and go off of air and out of minds forever. Sesame Street was the pioneering cartoon that foreshadowed into what we have today with entire channels dedicated to cartoons. (110)
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteculturally: The very first issue of "Rolling stone" came out in 1967. It was a sort of magazine and sort of a newspaper. The magazine got its name from an old saying: "A Rolling Stone gathers no moss." Muddy Waters used the name for a song he wrote also. The Rolling Stones took their name from Muddy's song. and "Like A Rolling Stone," was the title of Bob Dylan's first rock and roll record.
ReplyDeletethe creators stated, "We have begun a new publication reflecting what we see are the changes in rock and roll and the changes related to rock and roll. Because the trade papers have become so inaccurate and irrelevant, and because the fan magazine are an anachronism, fashioned in the mold of myth and nonsense, we hope that we have something here for the artists and the industry, and every person who believes in the magic that can set you free."(125)
Politically:
The Free Speech Movement was a college campus phenomenon inspired by the struggle for civil rights and later fueled by opposition to the Vietnam War. This Movement began in 1964, when students at the University of California, Berkeley protested a ban on on-campus political activities, like setting up stands in the courtyard. The protest was led by several students, who also demanded their right to free speech and academic freedom.The Free Speech Movement sparked a wave of student activism and involvement. Many students were very defiant, just like graduate student Jack Weinberg who set up a table with political information and was arrested. But a group of 3,000 students surrounded the police car in which he was held, keeping it from moving for 36 hours.(144)
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was a huge step towards desegregation. While at that point they technically had the right to vote it was very hard for them to vote because of things such as literacy tests that were very unfair, also they were likely to gain attention of groups such as the KKK. This Act made it to where everyone who was eligible to vote had equal access and people couldn't be denied their right to vote because of unfair tests. This is one of the most important political events during the 1960’s because it was a major step towards true equality for African Americans.
ReplyDeleteWords 107
Another important event was America sending the first man on the moon. Neil Armstrong was the first man to step foot on the moon and is known for his quote “ that's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind”.This was a good way to wrap up the 1960’s for America as we had been through a number of hardships and rough patches. This was a proud moment for America as we had won the global contest to get the first man on the moon. We had made great strides technology in such a short time. This was also important because it showed the soviets that we were just as capable as they were.
Words 116
In 1968 Martin Luther King Jr. Was shot in Memphis. This caused a big uproar for the civil rights movement. This political event was one of the most important events in history besides his speech. Martin Luther King Jr. Was a great leader and great speaker it is sad that someone so great died from someone’s hand not by natural causes. It is because of him that we have a better world today. And we should remember him for that reason. His story is one of my favorites because he helped many people to have courage. This is why I chose this event.(103)
ReplyDeleteIn 1969 Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin land on the moon. Marking a change in history where eventually we would be able to send more than to people to the moon. Which will change the culture by encouraging people that anything is possible. Which can make the world a better place. So that’s why I chose this even tho it sounds political it also effects the culture. Which makes it very interesting. They help us to make us feel greater about ourselves. Which can help us make great decisions in life and through out history. I am glad to have written this.(102)
In the year of 1964 Bob Dylan put out a song called "Times they are a changing." This song embodied the decade as a whole as there was a vast amount of movements. Such as the civil rights movement, women's movement for equality in the home and work place, and the counter cultural movement. The civil right movement focused on equality for African Americans. The women's movement was an effort for equality for women socially and economically. And he counter cultural movement based their protest around the protest of the Vietnam war by burning draft cards and other rebellious activities.(100)
ReplyDeleteCassius Clay (later known as Muhammad Ali) started amateur boxing at the age of 12 in his home town of Louisville Kentucky. In the year 1960 he went to Rome to compete in the heavy weight category In the summer Olympics for the United States of America. In these Olympics he won gold. About a year later he made the decision to turn pro. In the year 1964 he won the WBA, WBC, and the Lineal Heavy Weight titles by defeating Sonny Liston. After this he converted to Islam changing his name to Muhammad Ali. So when he was draft he refused to serve saying it was against his religious beliefs. They stripped him of his titles and found him guilty. And he was forced to appeal in till he was found not guilty. This forced him to become a huge figure in civil rights movement and the counter cultural movement.(151)
During this decade, one of the longest war this country has ever seen started and that was the Vietnam War. While this war was one of the longest wars, it isn't the longest in our history. As of today, the longest lasting war is the Afghanistan War. During this war, conditions are described as very extreme which made it even more dreadful to fight. We were trying to take over Vietnam, but failed many times. By the end of the war, the roles switched from us attacking to us defending. Vietnam came back strong after our invasion attempts, but luckily at the right time we came back with a counter attack. (112)
ReplyDeleteAt the tail end of this decade, the first episode of "Sesame Street" aired. Television was very popular in the decade thus far, so producers sparked the idea to have a show specifically for kids that was educational and entertaining at the same time. Many parents and reviewers didn't like the idea at first and often said that the show wouldn't last for long, but we all know now that they were wrong. We know this because the show still plays on television today and now we even have whole channels that solely play cartoons because of the popular demand there was after the show aired. (116)
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeletePolitical- John F Kennedy was elected into off in 1960 and lasted up to November 22 1963. On that day in Dallas Texas John F Kennedy was giving a speech as the NASA space station about all the great work they were doing and to keep it up and on his way to the airport he passed through the town of Dealey Plaza. JFK was in his car no roof waving to the crowds around him and suddenly a man by the name of Harvey Oswald shot his shot from a sniper rifle and hit JFK in the head at 12:15 PM. Oswald was later captured and when he was being taken to court a man came out of the crowd and shot Oswald in the heart and killed him immediately (131)
ReplyDeleteIn January 19,1967 the first super bowl was played in memorial coliseum in los Angles California.the two teams who played in this great game was the Green Bay Packers be the Kansas City Chiefs the Packers defeated the the Chiefs the score was 35-10 this game will love on forever in the NFL for super bowl 1 had many great stars in it. And the super bowl is still played today. And the ring that the Green Bay packers received had only 1 small domino in the middle and a football surrounding it. And on the top of the ring it says world champions (105)
One of the major political events that happened in the 1960s would be the Bay of Pigs invasion. On April 17, 1961, 1400 Cuban exiles launched an invasion known as the bay of pigs on the South Coast of Cuba. The CIA set up training camps in Guatemala, and by November the operation had trained a small army for an assault landing and Guerrilla warfare. The original invasion plan called for two air strikes against Cuban air bases. A 1,400-man invasion force would disembark under cover of darkness and launch a surprise attack. Paratroopers dropped in advance of the invasion would disrupt transportation and repel Cuban forces. (108)
ReplyDeleteOne major cultural event would be the very first Beatles release, “I Want to Hold Your hand, I Saw Her Standing There, and Meet The Beatles.” Beatlemania took hold in the United States after The Beatles performed live on The Ed Sullivan Show on Sunday, February 9th, 16th, and 23rd in 1964. The iconic rock band the Beatles recorded their very first full-length album during February and early the entire album was recorded in one day. The album was titled Please Please Me after their single and featured a mix of original songs by Paul McCartney and John Lennon, as well as popular covers. Some of the most popular tracks from the album. (114)
The cultural event that I chose is the music festival that we know as Woodstock. Woodstock took place in upstate New York. The music festival took place on a dairy farm. The makers of the festival told authorities that they only expected a turnout of 50,000 people but they were very wrong about that. There were upwards of 400,000 people that showed up. They made admission free and had a lot of big names in the festival. Some of the performers were Jimmy Hendrix, The Who, Carlos Santana, and credence Clearwater revival. People bathed in rivers and worked together to have a good time at Woodstock. The festival was associated with hippies. People at the festival took part in recreational drugs. They took drugs like weed and heroin. 128
ReplyDeleteThe Cuban middle crisis took place in October of 1962. After the failed bay of pigs invasion in 1961, Russia sent offensive nuclear weapons to Cuba. This was the closest to world war the United States had ever been. We went into defcon 3. Some ships sailed to Cuba and we thought that those ships contained nuclear bombs. We also had a U2 recon plane shot down over Cuba and we thought that we were going to have to fight Russia and Cuba. The United States was ready to go to war with Russia and then we came to an agreement at the last minute. We withdrew our missies from turkey and Russia withdrew theirs from Cuba. 108
Ross
A big political even that happened during the 1960s was the Cuban Missile Crisis. In 1962 there was a large and fretful military standoff that was about the nuclear weapons being armed in Cuba. This was probably the closest we have been to a nuclear holocaust in history. Also, this was even closer due to Cuba being only 90 miles off the coast of the United States. President Kennedy had to explain the whole situation on TV, and also stated we would use Military force if necessary. Fortunately they eventually reached an agreement where the Soviets took their nuclear arsenal off Cuba. (102)
ReplyDeleteBefore the 1960s TV was available, but it was not widely used by everyone like it is now. Television blew up in popularity in the 60s due to the new stream of actors and actresses in that era. Before the 60s there were not many channels broadcasted. The main channels were the news and possibly a sports broadcast here and there. Many new shows came out during and after the 60s including, The Brady Bunch, Doctor Who, and Gunsmoke. Many more were active but these were just some of the more popular ones. This was definitely and era of entertainment and productivity. (103)
John F Kennedy was murdered on november 22, 1963. this shook america and scared them as their newly inaugerated president was just shot 3 times while his wife held him in her arms. he was murdered by Lee harvey oswold, a man who was crazy and found the next day by police and arrested, but on his way to jail was shot and killed by Jack Ruby. JFK was in Dallas texas when he died, and was replaced by Lyndon B Johnson within hours as he was pronounced dead within 30min of being shot at the scene. JFK's wife was present for the inauguration as she stood in blood soaked clothes. 111 words
ReplyDeletethe Popularity of a television was a ammenity of only the richest of rich, until the 1960's when it was made popular and cheaper due to the new burst of companies who had main stream actors and actresses who were extremely popular. there were only a few shows and channels broadcasted on TV as they only could have so many shows on at once. shows like Doctor Who and The Brady Bunch and others blew up in views and consistantcy of views as TVs were a regular household item now. The US was changing a ton during this technological advancement. 100 words
In the 1960 many things happen some of them were Kennedy was assassinated and The Vietnam war. The most important one was that of the civil rights protests. They had them going on all over the country. These were very violent and many were hurt while marching. The one that got the most news was the one were they marched on Washington. This one had Martin Luther King Junior spoke at the Lincoln Memorial. There was just not African Americans but also whites do you support. This March was just not foe civil rights but equal pay and jobs for everyone. The high light of this march was the Martin Luther King Junior speech “I have a dream.”(118)
ReplyDeleteThe Beatles was formed in the 1960s in Liverpool,England. Even if the Beatles was a British band they influence Americans teens in a huge way. In the 1960 half of the population was under the age of 18. They were on every radio in the nation. They only popular in England at first then it changed when they went on a popular talk show show. All the girls went crazy for them. They were as popular as Elvis Presley. The thing that made them better was that of there amazing accent. The Beatles made the United states more involved in the World culture, not just the political side of the world.(111)
My political Event that I picked was the assassination of MLK Jr. MLK Jr. was a famous civil rights leader who wanted racial equality. In his famous "I Have A Dream" speech he talked about how he wishes and hopes that one day kids and people in general will be completely and fairly equal and that they won't be against one another. He also wished and hoped for peace between the races in the United States and all over the world. MLK wanted people to know that he is desperate for equality. When MLK Jr. was assassinated, it sparked a big fire in the civil rights movement. People began to rise up and take charge and finish what MLK had started. Also, some people thought that the assassination of MLK had been done to end the civil rights movement for good which it didn't. (151 words)
ReplyDeleteThe cultural event that I picked from the 1960s was when Spider-Man made its first original debut in the Amazing Fantasy 15 in August of 1962. Spider-Man made its appearance into the marvel comics and the marvel world of heroes in general. Of course there would be more marvel characters made throughout the years which would help marvel grow in the future. Spider-Man was the story of a kid who had gotten Spider powers from a spider bite. There has been some twists in the comics and the movies that are made of Spider-Man and how he came to be after losing his parents and his Uncle Ben and having to take care of his Aunt May and then eventually fall in love with a woman named Mary Jane. (138 words)